A shekarar 2010, Geim da Novoselov sun lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi saboda aikinsu kan graphene.Wannan lambar yabo ta bar sha'awa sosai ga mutane da yawa.Bayan haka, ba kowane kayan aikin gwaji na lambar yabo ta Nobel ya zama ruwan dare kamar tef ɗin mannewa ba, kuma ba kowane abu na bincike ba ne mai sihiri da sauƙin fahimta kamar graphene "kyalli mai girma biyu".Za a iya ba da aikin a 2004 a cikin 2010, wanda ba kasafai ba ne a cikin rikodin lambar yabo ta Nobel a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Graphene wani nau'in sinadari ne wanda ya ƙunshi Layer guda ɗaya na atom ɗin carbon wanda aka tsara shi sosai zuwa cikin lattice mai girman saƙar zuma mai girma biyu.Kamar lu'u-lu'u, graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotubes da carbon amorphous, abu ne (mai sauƙi) wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan carbon.Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa, ana iya ganin fullerenes da carbon nanotubes kamar yadda aka naɗe su ta wata hanya daga wani Layer na graphene, wanda yawancin yadudduka na graphene ya tara.A ka'idar bincike a kan yin amfani da graphene don bayyana kaddarorin daban-daban carbon sauki abubuwa (graphite, carbon nanotubes da graphene) ya dade na kusan shekaru 60, amma shi ne gaba ɗaya yi imani da cewa irin wannan nau'i-nau'i nau'i-nau'i abu ne mai wuya a stably zama kadai. kawai haɗe zuwa saman ƙasa mai girma uku ko ciki abubuwa kamar graphite.Sai a shekara ta 2004 Andre Geim da ɗalibinsa Konstantin Novoselov suka cire graphite guda ɗaya ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen da bincike kan graphene ya sami sabon ci gaba.
Dukansu Fullerene (hagu) da kuma carbon nanotube (tsakiyar) ana iya ɗaukar su azaman birgima ta wani Layer na graphene ta wata hanya, yayin da graphite (dama) ke tattare da manyan yadudduka na graphene ta hanyar haɗin van der Waals ƙarfi.
A zamanin yau, ana iya samun graphene ta hanyoyi da yawa, kuma hanyoyi daban-daban suna da nasu amfani da rashin amfani.Geim da Novoselov samu graphene a cikin sauki hanya.Yin amfani da tef na gaskiya da ake samu a manyan kantuna, sun tube graphene, takardar graphite mai kauri ɗaya kawai na atom ɗin carbon, daga guntun ginshiƙi na pyrolytic mai girma.Wannan ya dace, amma ikon sarrafawa ba shi da kyau sosai, kuma graphene tare da girman ƙasa da 100 microns (kashi ɗaya na millimita ɗaya) ana iya samun shi kawai, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don gwaje-gwaje, amma yana da wahala a yi amfani da shi don aikace-aikacen. aikace-aikace.Tushen sinadari na iya girma samfuran graphene tare da girman dubun santimita akan saman ƙarfe.Kodayake yankin da ke da daidaiton daidaitawa shine kawai 100 microns [3,4], ya dace da samar da bukatun wasu aikace-aikace.Wata hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita ita ce dumama crystal ɗin silicon carbide (SIC) zuwa fiye da 1100 ℃ a cikin injin, ta yadda atom ɗin silicon da ke kusa da saman ya ƙafe, sauran ƙwayoyin carbon suna sake tsarawa, wanda kuma zai iya samun samfuran graphene tare da kyawawan kaddarorin.
Graphene sabon abu ne da ke da kaddarori na musamman: wutar lantarkinsa yana da kyau kamar tagulla, kuma yanayin zafinsa ya fi kowane sanannen abu.Yana da gaskiya sosai.Ƙanshi kaɗan (2.3%) na hasken da ake iya gani a tsaye zai iya ɗauka ta graphene, kuma yawancin hasken zai wuce ta.Yana da yawa ta yadda hatta atom ɗin helium (ƙananan ƙwayoyin iskar gas) ba za su iya wucewa ba.Wadannan kaddarorin sihiri ba a gaji su kai tsaye daga graphite ba, amma daga injiniyoyi masu yawa.Na musamman lantarki da na gani kaddarorin sun tabbatar da cewa yana da faffadan fatan aikace-aikace.
Ko da yake graphene ya fito ne kawai don ƙasa da shekaru goma, ya nuna aikace-aikacen fasaha da yawa, waɗanda ba su da yawa a fagen ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da kimiyyar kayan aiki.Yana ɗaukar fiye da shekaru goma ko ma shekaru da yawa don kayan gabaɗaya don ƙaura daga dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa rayuwa ta gaske.Menene amfanin graphene?Bari mu kalli misalai biyu.
Soft m lantarki
A cikin na'urorin lantarki da yawa, ana buƙatar amfani da kayan aiki na zahiri azaman lantarki.Agogon lantarki, masu ƙididdigewa, talabijin, nunin kristal na ruwa, allon taɓawa, bangarorin hasken rana da sauran na'urori da yawa ba za su iya barin wanzuwar na'urorin lantarki masu gaskiya ba.Nagartaccen lantarki na gargajiya yana amfani da indium tin oxide (ITO).Saboda tsadar farashi da ƙayyadaddun wadatar indium, kayan sun lalace kuma ba su da sassauci, kuma ana buƙatar saka wutar lantarki a cikin tsaka-tsaki na vacuum, kuma farashin yana da yawa.Tun da dadewa, masana kimiyya suna ƙoƙarin nemo wanda zai maye gurbinsa.Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da ake buƙata na nuna gaskiya, kyakkyawan aiki da sauƙi shirye-shirye, idan sassaucin kayan da kansa yana da kyau, zai dace da yin "takardar lantarki" ko wasu na'urorin nuni masu lanƙwasa.Saboda haka, sassauci kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci.Graphene irin wannan abu ne, wanda ya dace da na'urorin lantarki na gaskiya.
Masu bincike daga Samsung da Jami'ar Chengjunguan a Koriya ta Kudu sun sami graphene tare da tsayin diagonal na inci 30 ta hanyar jigilar sinadarai kuma sun tura shi zuwa fim ɗin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) mai kauri 188 micron don samar da allon taɓawa na graphene [4].Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa, graphene da aka girma akan foil ɗin tagulla an fara haɗa shi tare da tef ɗin thermal (blue m part), sa'an nan kuma tagulla foil yana narkar da ta hanyar sinadarai, kuma a ƙarshe an canza graphene zuwa fim ɗin PET ta dumama. .
Sabbin kayan shigar da wutar lantarki
Graphene yana da kaddarorin gani na musamman.Ko da yake akwai nau'in atom guda ɗaya kawai, yana iya ɗaukar kashi 2.3% na hasken da aka fitar a cikin duka tsawon zangon daga hasken da ake iya gani zuwa infrared.Wannan lambar ba ta da alaƙa da sauran sigogin kayan aiki na graphene kuma an ƙaddara ta hanyar jimla electrodynamics [6].Hasken da aka ɗauka zai haifar da haɓakar masu ɗaukar hoto (electrons da ramuka).Ƙirƙirar da jigilar masu ɗaukar hoto a cikin graphene sun bambanta da waɗanda ke cikin na'urori na al'ada.Wannan ya sa graphene ya dace sosai don kayan aikin induction na hoto na ultrafast.An kiyasta cewa irin wannan kayan aikin shigar da wutar lantarki na iya aiki a mitar 500ghz.Idan ana amfani da shi wajen watsa sigina, zai iya watsa sifili biliyan 500 ko na daya a cikin dakika daya, kuma ya kammala watsa abubuwan da ke cikin diski na Blu ray guda biyu a cikin dakika daya.
Masana daga Cibiyar Bincike ta IBM Thomas J. Watson a Amurka sun yi amfani da graphene don kera na'urorin shigar da wutar lantarki da za su iya aiki a mitar 10GHz [8].Da farko, an shirya flakes na graphene akan siliki mai kauri wanda aka lulluɓe da silica mai kauri 300 nm ta hanyar “hanyar tsagewar tef”, sannan aka yi zinari na palladium ko lantarki na gwal na titanium tare da tazara na 1 micron da faɗin 250 nm akansa.Ta wannan hanyar, ana samun na'urar shigar da wutar lantarki ta graphene.
Jadawalin tsari na kayan induction photoelectric graphene da kuma na'urar duba microscope (SEM) na ainihin samfuran.Baƙar gajeriyar layi a cikin adadi yayi daidai da 5 microns, kuma nisa tsakanin layin ƙarfe shine micron ɗaya.
Ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen, masu binciken sun gano cewa wannan ƙarfe na graphene ƙarfe tsarin ƙirar induction photoelectric zai iya kaiwa mitar aiki na 16ghz a mafi yawan, kuma yana iya aiki da sauri a cikin kewayon tsayi daga 300 nm (kusa da ultraviolet) zuwa 6 microns (infrared), yayin da bututun shigar da wutar lantarki na gargajiya ba zai iya amsa hasken infrared tare da tsayin tsayin raƙuman ruwa ba.Mitar aiki na graphene photoelectric induction kayan aikin har yanzu yana da babban ɗakin haɓakawa.Babban aikin sa yana sa ya sami fa'idodin aikace-aikace iri-iri, gami da sadarwa, kula da nesa da muhalli.
A matsayin sabon abu tare da kaddarorin musamman, bincike kan aikace-aikacen graphene yana fitowa ɗaya bayan ɗaya.Yana da wuya mu ƙididdige su a nan.A nan gaba, ana iya samun bututun tasirin filin da aka yi da graphene, na'urorin sauya kwayoyin halitta da aka yi da graphene da na'urorin gano kwayoyin halitta da aka yi da graphene a rayuwar yau da kullun…
Za mu iya sa ran cewa babban adadin kayayyakin lantarki ta amfani da graphene zai bayyana a nan gaba.Ka yi tunanin yadda zai kasance mai ban sha'awa idan za a iya naɗa wayoyin hannu da na'urorin sadarwa na yanar gizo, a manne a kunnuwanmu, a cushe cikin aljihunmu, ko kuma a naɗe a wuyanmu lokacin da ba a amfani da su ba!
Lokacin aikawa: Maris-09-2022